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What rental yields can you get with your villa rental in Libreville? (2026)

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SUMMARY

We analyzed villa rental yields in Libreville, as of 2026, for residential villa buyers using the raw dataset provided. The work combines neighborhood-level villa price estimates, long-term rental estimates, operating-cost assumptions, and local demand signals to give foreign buyers a practical view of the Libreville villa market.

This article is updated regularly, so the numbers should be read as a current May 2026 snapshot rather than a permanent valuation table.

The strongest estimated net-yield areas are Charbonnages, Okala, Alibandeng, Bas de Gué-Gué, and selected Akanda / Angondjé villas. These areas offer the best balance between realistic purchase prices, tenant demand, and villa operating costs.

Charbonnages is the clearest pure-yield case in the dataset. A 2-bedroom villa is estimated at 78,000,000 FCFA, with rent around 620,000 FCFA per month, giving 9.5% gross yield and 6.9% net yield.

Okala and Alibandeng are also strong for beginner buyers because they keep entry prices below the most expensive districts while still offering net yields above 6% for smaller villas.

Bas de Gué-Gué is not the cheapest area, but it has one of the strongest stability profiles. Its school-linked family demand makes the 3-bedroom and 4-bedroom villa segments more credible than in thinner rental locations.

La Sablière and Batterie IV have high absolute rents, but their purchase prices compress net rental yield. These areas can be excellent lifestyle or capital-preservation locations, but they are weaker for buyers focused only on rental income.

The dataset also shows a clear villa-size pattern. In Libreville, 2-bedroom villas usually produce the strongest percentage return, 3-bedroom villas offer the best balance of yield and tenant depth, and 4-bedroom villas require the most caution because vacancy and maintenance costs can be heavier.

For a foreign individual buyer, the main risk is not simply buying in the wrong neighborhood. The bigger risk is buying a villa with weak access, unclear title, poor drainage, old systems, high garden or pool costs, weak security, or no realistic tenant source.

The practical takeaway is that the best villa rental yield strategy in Libreville is to compare net yield, tenant depth, road access, utility reliability, building condition, maintenance burden, and resale liquidity together.

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Villa rental yields in Libreville in 2026

This table compares villa rental yields in Libreville by neighborhood and villa type. It covers 2-bedroom villas, 3-bedroom villas, and 4-bedroom villas across the main residential villa areas in the dataset.

For each area, the table shows estimated purchase price, estimated monthly rent, gross rental yield, and net rental yield. The net yield reflects villa operating costs and risks such as vacancy, repairs, garden or pool upkeep, security, generator and water-system costs, agency fees, and management friction where these assumptions are available in the dataset.

Finally, please note you'll find much more detailed data in our real estate pack about Libreville.

Neighborhood 2-bedroom villa average purchase price 2-bedroom villa average monthly rent 2-bedroom villa gross rental yield 2-bedroom villa net rental yield 3-bedroom villa average purchase price 3-bedroom villa average monthly rent 3-bedroom villa gross rental yield 3-bedroom villa net rental yield 4-bedroom villa average purchase price 4-bedroom villa average monthly rent 4-bedroom villa gross rental yield 4-bedroom villa net rental yield
Akanda / Angondjé 110,000,000 FCFA 800,000 FCFA 8.7% 5.9% 185,000,000 FCFA 1,300,000 FCFA 8.4% 5.7% 310,000,000 FCFA 2,050,000 FCFA 7.9% 5.4%
Alibandeng 90,000,000 FCFA 700,000 FCFA 9.3% 6.5% 150,000,000 FCFA 1,050,000 FCFA 8.4% 5.9% 240,000,000 FCFA 1,550,000 FCFA 7.8% 5.4%
Batterie IV 145,000,000 FCFA 1,050,000 FCFA 8.7% 5.4% 245,000,000 FCFA 1,700,000 FCFA 8.3% 5.2% 420,000,000 FCFA 2,650,000 FCFA 7.6% 4.7%
Bas de Gué-Gué 125,000,000 FCFA 950,000 FCFA 9.1% 6.0% 210,000,000 FCFA 1,550,000 FCFA 8.9% 5.8% 350,000,000 FCFA 2,350,000 FCFA 8.1% 5.3%
Charbonnages 78,000,000 FCFA 620,000 FCFA 9.5% 6.9% 128,000,000 FCFA 920,000 FCFA 8.6% 6.2% 205,000,000 FCFA 1,350,000 FCFA 7.9% 5.7%
Glass 85,000,000 FCFA 620,000 FCFA 8.8% 6.0% 140,000,000 FCFA 950,000 FCFA 8.1% 5.5% 220,000,000 FCFA 1,400,000 FCFA 7.6% 5.2%
La Sablière 165,000,000 FCFA 1,200,000 FCFA 8.7% 5.2% 280,000,000 FCFA 1,950,000 FCFA 8.4% 5.0% 480,000,000 FCFA 3,100,000 FCFA 7.8% 4.6%
Louis 95,000,000 FCFA 740,000 FCFA 9.3% 6.4% 160,000,000 FCFA 1,100,000 FCFA 8.2% 5.6% 255,000,000 FCFA 1,650,000 FCFA 7.8% 5.3%
Montagne Sainte 100,000,000 FCFA 760,000 FCFA 9.1% 6.1% 168,000,000 FCFA 1,150,000 FCFA 8.2% 5.5% 270,000,000 FCFA 1,720,000 FCFA 7.6% 5.1%
Okala 88,000,000 FCFA 680,000 FCFA 9.3% 6.7% 145,000,000 FCFA 1,020,000 FCFA 8.4% 6.1% 230,000,000 FCFA 1,500,000 FCFA 7.8% 5.6%
Owendo 70,000,000 FCFA 520,000 FCFA 8.9% 6.2% 112,000,000 FCFA 780,000 FCFA 8.4% 5.8% 180,000,000 FCFA 1,150,000 FCFA 7.7% 5.4%
Trois-Quartiers / Quaben 105,000,000 FCFA 780,000 FCFA 8.9% 5.9% 175,000,000 FCFA 1,180,000 FCFA 8.1% 5.3% 285,000,000 FCFA 1,800,000 FCFA 7.6% 5.0%

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Which neighborhoods offer the best net yield among areas people actually want to live in Libreville?

The best net-yield neighborhoods among areas people actually want to live in Libreville are Charbonnages, Okala, Alibandeng, and Bas de Gué-Gué.

These areas combine estimated net yields of roughly 5.8% to 6.9% with enough tenant demand, school access, road access, and resale depth to make the yield believable.

Charbonnages is the strongest pure-yield case in the table. A 2-bedroom villa is estimated at 78,000,000 FCFA with rent around 620,000 FCFA per month, giving a 9.5% gross yield and 6.9% net yield.

Okala is close behind. A 2-bedroom villa is estimated at 88,000,000 FCFA and 680,000 FCFA per month, giving a 6.7% net yield.

Bas de Gué-Gué is slightly more expensive but safer from a tenant-depth perspective. A 3-bedroom villa there is estimated at 210,000,000 FCFA, 1,550,000 FCFA per month, and 5.8% net yield.

The practical takeaway is simple. Charbonnages and Okala offer better yields, Bas de Gué-Gué offers better family-rental stability, and Alibandeng sits between value and livability.

Where can I find villas with above-average yields and below-average entry prices in Libreville?

The clearest Libreville neighborhoods with above-average yields and below-average entry prices are Charbonnages, Okala, Alibandeng, and selected Owendo properties.

These areas offer estimated entry prices below the table average while keeping net yields above the Libreville villa average.

The table average for 2-bedroom villas is about 105,000,000 FCFA. Charbonnages, Okala, Alibandeng, Glass, Louis, and Owendo all sit below that level.

Charbonnages looks like true value. A 2-bedroom villa costs around 78,000,000 FCFA, about 26% below the table average, but still rents for around 620,000 FCFA per month.

Owendo is cheaper, at around 70,000,000 FCFA for a 2-bedroom villa, but the discount reflects weaker prestige, more industrial logistics exposure, and a narrower expatriate family tenant pool.

For a beginner buyer, the honest interpretation is that Charbonnages and Okala are value zones, while Owendo is more of a price-discount zone. Owendo only makes sense if the specific villa has strong road access, security, title clarity, and a realistic tenant source.

Where does the rent level justify the purchase price most clearly in Libreville?

The rent level most clearly justifies the villa purchase price in Charbonnages, Bas de Gué-Gué, Okala, and Alibandeng.

These areas have rent-to-price ratios that remain strong after villa-specific maintenance deductions.

Charbonnages is the cleanest rent-to-price case. A 3-bedroom villa is estimated at 128,000,000 FCFA and 920,000 FCFA per month, giving 8.6% gross yield and 6.2% net yield.

Bas de Gué-Gué also looks rational because rents are supported by school and expatriate family demand. A 4-bedroom villa there is estimated at 350,000,000 FCFA and 2,350,000 FCFA per month, which still gives 5.3% net yield.

La Sablière has high rents but less compelling rent-to-price logic. A 4-bedroom villa may rent for around 3,100,000 FCFA per month, but an estimated purchase price of 480,000,000 FCFA pulls net yield down to 4.6%.

The trade-off is that premium neighborhoods are not necessarily bad investments. La Sablière and Batterie IV can be excellent lifestyle or capital-preservation locations, but their rental-income case is weaker than their prestige case.

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Where is the best place to buy if I want stable rental income rather than maximum yield in Libreville?

The best places to buy for stable rental income in Libreville are Bas de Gué-Gué, Batterie IV, La Sablière, and Akanda / Angondjé.

These areas do not always produce the highest net villa rental yields in Libreville, but they have deeper tenant pools and better resale liquidity.

Bas de Gué-Gué is the strongest stability choice for a beginner. Its estimated 3-bedroom net yield is 5.8%, below Charbonnages' 6.2%, but the tenant base is more predictable because of family demand and school proximity.

Batterie IV and La Sablière are expensive, but tenants there are more likely to be embassies, senior corporate staff, international organizations, or high-income expatriates.

Akanda / Angondjé works for newer family villas because it benefits from northern growth and newer housing formats. It is especially attractive for 3-bedroom villas at around 185,000,000 FCFA and 1,300,000 FCFA per month.

For a foreign individual buyer, the decision is yield versus risk. A slightly lower net yield in Bas de Gué-Gué or Akanda may be better than a higher yield in a thinner market if vacancy, repairs, or resale delays are lower.

Which villa type gives the best return for the lowest total investment in Libreville?

The villa type that gives the best return for the lowest total investment in Libreville is usually the 2-bedroom villa.

This is especially true in Charbonnages, Okala, Alibandeng, Louis, and Montagne Sainte.

Across the table, 2-bedroom villas usually produce estimated net yields of 5.2% to 6.9%. Three-bedroom villas generally sit around 5.0% to 6.2%, while 4-bedroom villas fall to about 4.6% to 5.7%.

The reason is practical. A 2-bedroom villa has lower land, pool, garden, furnishing, and repair exposure, so more of the rent can remain as owner income.

The 3-bedroom villa is often the best all-round product, even if the percentage yield is slightly lower. In Libreville, 3-bedroom homes fit family renters better and usually resell more easily than very small or very large villas.

The 4-bedroom villa gives the highest rent but not the best return. It depends more on large expat families, corporate leases, embassy tenants, or luxury renters, so vacancy risk and maintenance costs rise.

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Which neighborhoods offer strong rental income with the lowest vacancy risk in Libreville?

The Libreville neighborhoods that offer strong rental income with the lowest vacancy risk are Bas de Gué-Gué, Batterie IV, La Sablière, and Akanda / Angondjé.

These areas combine high rents with durable tenant demand, which matters more than headline yield alone.

La Sablière has the highest estimated rents in the table. It reaches around 1,200,000 FCFA per month for 2-bedroom villas, 1,950,000 FCFA per month for 3-bedroom villas, and 3,100,000 FCFA per month for 4-bedroom villas.

Bas de Gué-Gué is more balanced. Its estimated 4-bedroom rent is 2,350,000 FCFA per month, lower than La Sablière, but its family and school-linked demand improves stability.

Batterie IV is also strong because it is central, established, and recognized as a higher-end area. A 3-bedroom villa there is estimated at 245,000,000 FCFA and 1,700,000 FCFA per month.

The honest interpretation is that low vacancy usually costs more upfront. For a beginner, paying more for a better tenant pool can be rational if the alternative is a cheap villa that stays vacant for months.

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Which areas look overpriced relative to their rental income in Libreville?

The areas that look most overpriced relative to rental income in Libreville are La Sablière, Batterie IV, and parts of the coastal central corridor.

These are excellent places to live, but weaker pure rental-yield areas.

La Sablière is the clearest example. A 4-bedroom villa is estimated at 480,000,000 FCFA and 3,100,000 FCFA per month, producing 7.8% gross yield but only 4.6% net yield.

Batterie IV is similar. A 4-bedroom villa is estimated at 420,000,000 FCFA and 2,650,000 FCFA per month, giving about 4.7% net yield.

These areas are expensive because they offer prestige, security, central access, diplomatic appeal, coastal proximity, and better resale recognition.

The important distinction is that overpriced for yield does not mean bad to live in. La Sablière and Batterie IV may be among Libreville's best lifestyle addresses, but they are not the best first choice for a yield-focused beginner.

Which neighborhoods should I avoid even if the rental yield looks attractive in Libreville?

A beginner should be careful with Owendo, Glass, and some older inner-city villas in Louis or Montagne Sainte, even if the headline rental yield looks attractive.

The risk is not always rent. The bigger risk is vacancy, repairs, title quality, access, security, or resale liquidity.

Owendo has attractive estimated yields, with 2-bedroom villas around 6.2% net yield and 3-bedroom villas around 5.8% net yield.

But Owendo's lower purchase price reflects a thinner villa tenant pool and weaker prestige than northern or school-linked areas.

Glass can also look reasonable on yield, especially at 6.0% net yield for 2-bedroom villas. The concern is building age and maintenance variation, because older villas can lose the yield advantage through repairs, damp, security upgrades, or backup utility work.

Louis and Montagne Sainte need property-level caution. They can rent well because of central access and business proximity, but villa quality varies widely and family tenants may prefer quieter, more serviced districts.

Which neighborhoods look risky even though the rental yield is high in Libreville?

The Libreville neighborhoods that look risky even though rental yield is high are Owendo, Glass, Louis, and selected Charbonnages properties.

Their yields can be attractive, but the risk-adjusted return depends heavily on the exact street and building condition.

Owendo's estimated 2-bedroom net yield of 6.2% looks good, but the tenant pool is narrower. It is more exposed to local workers, logistics-related demand, and price-sensitive renters than to high-budget expatriate family demand.

Glass has centrality but older stock. A 3-bedroom villa at 140,000,000 FCFA and 950,000 FCFA per month gives 5.5% net yield, but that assumes repairs remain controlled.

Louis can work well for smaller villas, with a 6.4% net yield on 2-bedroom villas. The risk is that renters seeking quiet family housing may prefer Bas de Gué-Gué, Akanda, or La Sablière.

Charbonnages is the best high-yield area, but not every property is equal. A modern, secure villa near school and road access is very different from an older house with weak drainage, poor parking, or old utilities.

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What neighborhoods should I avoid when buying a rental villa in Libreville?

When buying a rental villa in Libreville, a beginner should avoid or approach carefully Owendo, Glass, parts of Louis, parts of Montagne Sainte, and weak-quality inland Charbonnages stock.

These are not bad places overall, but they need more due diligence than the headline yield suggests.

Avoid Owendo for large 4-bedroom villas unless you already know the tenant source. The estimated 5.4% net yield is acceptable, but large-family expat depth is weaker than in Bas de Gué-Gué or Akanda.

Avoid Glass if the villa is old and under-maintained. Its estimated yields are decent, but repairs can erase the advantage.

Avoid Louis for family-rental strategies that require quiet streets, parking, security, and garden quality. It is more central and lively than family-oriented.

Avoid Montagne Sainte if the price is too close to Bas de Gué-Gué or Batterie IV without matching tenant demand. Its estimated 3-bedroom net yield is 5.5%, so overpaying removes the logic.

Avoid poor-quality Charbonnages villas, not Charbonnages itself. The area has strong estimated yields, but old systems, weak access, or unclear documents can turn a good spreadsheet into a bad investment.

Which neighborhoods are seeing rental demand weaken, and why, in Libreville?

The Libreville neighborhoods where villa rental demand looks most vulnerable are older inner-city villas in Glass, parts of Louis, some Montagne Sainte stock, and weaker Owendo villas.

The issue is not always falling rent. It is slower leasing, more negotiation, and greater dependence on property quality.

Demand weakens when a villa lacks the features formal tenants expect, such as reliable water, backup power, air conditioning, parking, security, good access, and modern bathrooms or kitchens.

Glass and Louis are exposed because older homes may compete with newer northern villas. Tenants with relocation budgets often prefer newer layouts, gated settings, and easier family logistics.

Owendo is vulnerable because it is cheaper for a reason. Rental depth is thinner outside its specific worker and logistics-linked demand base.

This is not a structural collapse. It is a quality split, which means good villas still rent, while old, poorly serviced, poorly secured villas take longer and need discounts.

Which neighborhoods are seeing new developments that could create stronger rental demand in Libreville?

The strongest development-linked demand story in Libreville is Akanda / Angondjé and the northern corridor, with secondary effects for Okala and Alibandeng.

New infrastructure around the airport and Libreville 2 can improve long-term demand, but timing matters.

The northern villa market benefits because Akanda, Angondjé, Okala, and Alibandeng are better placed for new airport, road, and expansion effects than older southern or inner-city villa areas.

Akanda / Angondjé is especially relevant for 3-bedroom and 4-bedroom villas because family tenants want newer houses, road access, security, parking, and more outdoor space.

The trade-off is supply. If many similar villas enter Akanda / Angondjé at the same time, rents may not rise as fast as owners expect.

The best approach is to buy where new infrastructure improves tenant access without relying only on future capital appreciation. In May 2026, that points to Okala and selected Akanda / Angondjé 3-bedroom villas.

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Which neighborhoods are becoming more attractive to renters because of recent infrastructure or transport changes in Libreville?

The Libreville neighborhoods becoming more attractive to renters because of infrastructure and transport logic are Akanda / Angondjé, Okala, Alibandeng, and parts of Owendo connected to the broader bypass and port-access story.

The key issue is commute friction. Libreville's rental market is highly sensitive to how easy it is for tenants to reach schools, offices, the airport corridor, and daily services.

Akanda / Angondjé benefits most for 3-bedroom and 4-bedroom villas because family tenants often want newer houses, road access, security, parking, and outdoor space.

Okala and Alibandeng benefit from the same northern-growth logic, but at lower entry prices than La Sablière or Batterie IV.

Owendo benefits differently. Transport investment can support logistics-linked rental demand, but that does not automatically make it a premium family-villa market.

The practical takeaway is to separate infrastructure that improves a tenant's daily life from infrastructure that sounds impressive but does not change the rental decision for a family or corporate tenant.

Which neighborhoods have become less attractive for villa investors over the last 12 months in Libreville?

The Libreville neighborhoods that have become less attractive for yield-focused villa investors are La Sablière, Batterie IV, and some luxury Akanda / Angondjé stock.

They remain desirable, but prices have moved ahead of rental income.

In La Sablière, estimated 4-bedroom net yield is only 4.6%, the lowest in the table. That is because purchase prices are high and recurring costs are heavy.

Batterie IV has the same issue. Its 4-bedroom estimated net yield is 4.7%, despite high rent of around 2,650,000 FCFA per month.

Luxury Akanda / Angondjé villas can also be weaker if developers or sellers price them as future-growth assets while current rents still reflect today's tenant budgets.

This does not mean these neighborhoods are bad. It means the income case has weakened faster than the lifestyle case, so a buyer seeking yield should negotiate harder or choose a smaller villa type.

Which villa types are becoming harder to rent in Libreville, and in which neighborhoods?

The villa type becoming hardest to rent in Libreville is the 4-bedroom villa, especially in Owendo, Glass, Louis, Montagne Sainte, and overpriced Akanda / Angondjé stock.

The problem is total monthly cost and a narrower tenant pool.

A 4-bedroom villa in La Sablière may rent for 3,100,000 FCFA per month, but the renter pool is small. In weaker areas, a 4-bedroom villa may still cost over 1,100,000 FCFA to 1,800,000 FCFA per month, which is high relative to local affordability.

This matters because the high-end villa market is not broad. It depends on a relatively small group of formal, expatriate, diplomatic, and corporate renters.

Two-bedroom villas are easier to rent when well located because the total rent is lower. Three-bedroom villas are the best family format.

For a beginner, the safest rule is to buy 3-bedroom villas for stability, 2-bedroom villas for yield, and 4-bedroom villas only in proven family or prestige areas.

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INSIGHTS

These insights are drawn from the Libreville villa rental yield dataset, with a focus on what a foreign individual buyer should understand before buying a residential villa to rent out.

You’ll find even more insights in our our real estate pack about Libreville.

  • Libreville 2-bedroom villas give the best percentage return because they keep the purchase price and operating burden lower. This makes them useful for buyers who want income efficiency rather than maximum monthly rent.
  • Charbonnages has Libreville's strongest estimated net yield, especially for 2-bedroom villas. The 6.9% net yield is meaningful because it remains high after villa operating costs are considered.
  • Okala offers better value than many prestige districts. It gives a 6.7% estimated net yield for 2-bedroom villas and a 6.1% net yield for 3-bedroom villas, while remaining connected to northern growth.
  • Alibandeng is a useful middle-ground neighborhood. It is cheaper than the top prestige districts, but its estimated yields stay strong across 2-bedroom, 3-bedroom, and 4-bedroom villas.
  • Bas de Gué-Gué is one of the best stability plays in the Libreville villa market. It does not always beat Charbonnages on yield, but its family and school-linked demand makes the rental case more dependable.
  • La Sablière rents are high, but the purchase prices compress net rental yield. A 4-bedroom villa at 480,000,000 FCFA and 3,100,000 FCFA monthly rent still produces only 4.6% net yield.
  • Batterie IV is liquid and established, but villa prices run ahead of rental income. It can suit lifestyle, diplomatic, or capital-preservation buyers better than pure yield buyers.
  • Akanda / Angondjé works best for newer 3-bedroom family villas. The area benefits from northern growth, but buyers should avoid overpaying for future infrastructure before rents prove the premium.
  • Owendo looks cheap, but its tenant pool is thinner than north Libreville. The numbers can work, but only when the specific villa has strong access, clear title, and a realistic tenant source.
  • Glass can produce decent yields, but older buildings create repair risk. Damp, old utilities, poor security, or weak backup systems can quickly reduce the owner's real income.
  • Louis and Montagne Sainte can work for smaller central villas, but property selection matters more than the neighborhood label. Family tenants may prefer quieter, newer, and better-serviced locations.
  • Libreville 4-bedroom villas need careful vacancy assumptions. They generate high monthly rents, but depend on a narrower group of expatriate families, corporate tenants, embassy staff, and high-income renters.
  • Pools can increase rent in Libreville, but they can reduce net yield through maintenance. Garden care, security, backup water, and generator systems can also absorb a large share of gross rent.
  • The best Libreville net-yield areas are not the most prestigious addresses. Charbonnages, Okala, Alibandeng, and Bas de Gué-Gué look stronger for rental income than La Sablière or Batterie IV.
  • Land title, road access, security, and utilities matter as much as interior size. A villa with weak access or unreliable systems can underperform even if the spreadsheet yield looks attractive.
  • Resale liquidity is strongest in La Sablière, Batterie IV, Bas de Gué-Gué, and Akanda. Yield-focused buyers should still consider resale because a villa can be harder to exit than a smaller urban apartment.

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OUR METHODOLOGY TO BUILD THIS TRACKER

To estimate purchase price, monthly rent, and rental yield in different Libreville neighborhoods, we built our own analysis manually from the ground up by neighborhood and villa type. For each area, we looked separately at 2-bedroom villas, 3-bedroom villas, and 4-bedroom villas, using comparable property formats where possible.

We did not reuse a third-party yield dataset. We manually researched current residential sale and rental listings across major real estate platforms relevant to Libreville, including Keur-Immo, Gabonhome, and CoinAfrique.

For each neighborhood and villa type, we collected comparable sale listings, then cleaned the sample. Duplicate listings, incomplete listings, unrealistic asking prices, luxury outliers, distressed assets, serviced-style offers, and non-comparable properties were removed when they would distort the estimate.

We then estimated a realistic purchase price for each segment. The median price was the main reference where the sample was strong enough, while the average was used only when the comparable sample was clean and not distorted by extreme listings.

We built the rental side of the dataset separately. For the same neighborhood and villa type, we manually collected rental listings, removed outliers and non-comparable offers, and estimated a realistic monthly rent using the median rent where possible.

Purchase prices and rents were researched separately, then matched by neighborhood and villa type to estimate gross rental yield. The gross rental yield was calculated as annual rent divided by estimated purchase price.

To estimate net yield, we avoided applying one flat deduction across all properties. The deduction was adjusted by neighborhood and villa type because different residential properties have different cost structures.

For villas in Libreville, the net-yield adjustment pays particular attention to vacancy, repairs, garden care, pool care, security, agency fees, management costs, insurance, backup water, generators, utilities, and other property-level operating costs when those inputs are available.

We also considered villa-specific investment factors when the raw evidence supported them. These include access, privacy, road quality, tenant depth, family demand, school proximity, building age, resale liquidity, and whether the villa is likely to appeal to expatriate, diplomatic, corporate, or local formal-sector tenants.

Each estimate receives a confidence view based on the quality and size of the comparable listing sample. A sample of 30 to 40 comparable listings gives higher confidence, 20 to 30 comparable listings is usable but less robust, and fewer than 20 comparable listings is directional unless the comparable area is widened.

These estimates are updated regularly and should be read as structured market estimates, not guarantees of future rental income. Honesty, quality, and rigor are at the core of our work, and they are also what you will find in our real estate pack about Libreville.